Wild Tiger Health Project
Created by Dr John C M Lewis

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References

REFERENCES IN ORANGE CAN BE ACCESSED BY SIMPLY CLICKING ON THEM.

Armstrong, D.L, Miller, R.E., Byers, O., Brady, G., Traylor-Holzer, K. & Tilson, R.L. (1996). International cooperation with range country efforts to conserve tigers (Panthera tigris) and the veterinarian’s role. Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 1996, 532-553.

Chinnadurai, S. K. (2019). Vaporizers and field anesthesia equipment for free-ranging wildlife. Chapter 28 (pp 177-184) in: Miller, R.E., Lamberski, N. & Calle, P.P. eds, Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, vol 9, Elsevier Inc, St. Louis, USA.

Clark-Price, S.C., Lascola, K.M. & Schaeffer, D.J. (2015). Physiological and biochemical variables in captive tigers (Panthera tigris) immobilised with dexmedetomidine and ketamine or dexmedetomidine, midazolam and ketamine. Veterinary Record, published online 01-Dec-15. doi: 10.1136/vr.103526

Clarke, K.W., Trim, C.M. & Hall, L.W. (2014). Veterinary anaesthesia. 11th edition. Saunders Elsevier, London. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-2793-2.00023-2

Curro, T.G., Okeson, D., Zimmerman, D. et al. (2004). Xylazine‐midazolam‐ketamine versus medetomidine‐midazolam‐ketamine anesthesia in captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35 (3): 320–327.

Di Cesare, F., Cagnardi, P., Villa, R., Rabbogliatti, V., Lucatello, L., Capolongo, F., Gioeni, D., Capasso, M., Magnone, W. & Ravasio, G. (2020). Dexmedetomidine and ketamine simultaneous administration in tigers (Panthera tigris): pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. Veterinary Record Open 2020; 7:e000412. doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2020-000412.

Gonzales, B. J. and McDonnel, T. (1986). The effects of yohimbine on xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in exotic felidae. Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet., 142-143

Goodrich, J.M. et al, (2001). Capture and chemical anesthesia of Amur (Siberian) tigers. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(2), 533-542

Jalanka, H.H. and Roeken, B.O. (1990). The use of medetomidine, medetomidine-ketamine combinations, and atipamezole in non-domestic animals: A review. Journal of Zoo & Wildlife Medicine, 21: 259-282.

Kreeger, T.J. & Armstrong, D.L. (2010). Tigers and Telazol: The unintended evolution of caution to contraindication. Journal of Wildlife Management, 74(6), 1183-1185. doi 10.2193/2009-186

Kreeger, T.J. and Arnemo, J.M. (2018). Handbook of Wildlife Chemical Immobilization, 5th edition. Published by authors

Lamberski, N. (2015). Felidae. In: Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Mammal Medicine (ed. R.E. Miller and M. Fowler), Pp 467–475. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Laricchiuta, P., De Monte, V., Campolo, M., Grano, F., Crovace, A. & Staffieri, F. (2015). Immobilization of captive tigers (Panthera tigris) with a combination of tiletamine, zolazepam and detomidine. Zoo Biology, 34: 40-45

Loomis, M.R. and Loomis, J.M. (2004). Equipment  for use in monitoring anesthetized animals in remote geographic locations. Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, WDA Joint Conference, 2004.

Lewis, J.C.M. (2004). Field use of isoflurane and air anesthetic equipment in wildlife. Journal of Zoo & Wildlife Medicine, 35 (3): 303-311

Lewis, J., Md. M. Alam, T. K. Dey, A. C. D. Barlow. (2012). Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan Manual: Wild tiger capture and immobilisation. Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh.

Mercado, J.A., Romano, J., De la Cueva, H. & Haro, P. (2020). Multiple successful tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine immobilizations in an Amur tiger cub. Veterinary Record Case Reports; first published as doi:10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001081 on 21 June 2020.

Miller, M., Weber, M., Neiffer, D. et al. (2003). Anesthetic induction of captive tigers (Panthera tigris) using a medetomidine‐ketamine combination. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34(3): 307–308.

Muir, W.W., Hubbell, J.A.E., Bednarski, R. & Lerche, P. (2000). Handbook of veterinary anesthesia, 5th edition. Elsevier.

Nigam, P., Malik, P.K. & Chowdury, S. (2010). Options for wild animal capture and restraint. Telemetry in Wildlife Science, 13(1), 187-191

Norman, A. Simpson-Brown, E. and Patterson, S. (2025). A retrospective study comparing the safety of ketamine-medetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine for chemical restrain of captive Panthera spp. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 56(1): 16-24.

Ramsay, E.C. (2014). Felids. In: Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia, 2nd edition, (ed. G. West, D. Heard and N. Caulkett), Pp 635–646. Ames, IA: Wiley Blackwell.

Rodriguez, K.T., Gompf, R.E., Smith, C.K., Price, J.M. and Cushing, A.C. (2018). Echocardiographic parameters in eight adult tigers (Panthera tigris) during two phases of an anaesthetic protocol. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 49(4): 875-880.

Roken, B.O. (1997). A potent anesthetic combination with low concentrated medetomidine in zoo animals. pp134-136 in Proceedings of American Association of Zoo Veterinarians annual conference. Published by AAZV, USA.

Schbert, E. (1987). Telazol use in wild and exotic animals. Vet. Med. Sm. An. Clin. Pp 1080-1088.

Seidensticker, J. et al, (1974). The use of CI-744 to immobilize free-ranging tigers and leopards. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine., 5, 22-25.

Sontakke, S.D., Umapathy, G., and Shivaji, S. (2009). Yohimbine antagonizes the anesthetic effects of ketamine‐xylazine in captive Indian wild felids. Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia 36: 34–41.

Vogelnest, L. (1999). Tiger anaesthesia. Australian Veterinary Journal, 77: 378.